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home/Projects/kompose/vpn/README.md
Sebastian Krüger 25507d20d2 A new start
2025-10-08 10:35:48 +02:00

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🔌 VPN Stack - Your Encrypted Tunnel to Freedom

"The internet, but make it private!" - WireGuard

What's This All About?

WG-Easy is your self-hosted VPN server powered by WireGuard! It's like having your own private tunnel through the internet - encrypt all your traffic, bypass geo-restrictions, access your home network from anywhere, and surf safely on sketchy public WiFi. Plus, it has a beautiful web UI for managing clients! 🚇

The Privacy Protector

🛡️ WG-Easy

Container: vpn_app
Image: ghcr.io/wg-easy/wg-easy:15
Ports: 51820 (VPN), 51821 (Web UI)
Home: https://vpn.pivoine.art

WG-Easy makes WireGuard actually easy:

  • 🎨 Beautiful Web UI: Manage VPN from browser
  • 📱 QR Codes: Instant mobile setup
  • 👥 Multi-Client: Unlimited devices
  • ⚡ WireGuard: Modern, fast, secure protocol
  • 📊 Traffic Stats: See bandwidth usage
  • 🔒 Encrypted: Industry-standard crypto
  • 🌍 Route All Traffic: Or split-tunnel
  • 🚀 Performance: Faster than OpenVPN

WireGuard: The Modern VPN Protocol

Why WireGuard is Awesome

  • ⚡ Fast: 4000+ lines of code vs OpenVPN's 600,000+
  • 🔒 Secure: State-of-the-art cryptography
  • 📱 Battery Friendly: Less power consumption
  • 🔄 Roaming: Seamless connection switching
  • 🐧 Linux Kernel: Built into Linux 5.6+
  • 🎯 Simple: Easier to audit and configure

Configuration Breakdown

Network Configuration

The stack creates TWO networks:

wg Network (Internal WireGuard):

subnet: 10.42.42.0/24           # IPv4
subnet: fdcc:ad94:bacf:61a3::/64  # IPv6

Your VPN clients get IPs from this range.

kompose Network (External):

external: true

Connects to other services via Traefik.

Environment Variables

WireGuard Settings:

WG_HOST=vpn.pivoine.art      # Your public domain/IP
WG_PORT=51820                # WireGuard port (UDP)
WG_DEFAULT_ADDRESS=10.42.0.x # Client IP range
WG_DEFAULT_DNS=1.1.1.1       # DNS for clients
WG_ALLOWED_IPS=0.0.0.0/0     # Route all traffic through VPN

Web UI Settings:

PORT=51821                   # Web interface port
UI_TRAFFIC_STATS=true        # Show bandwidth graphs
UI_CHART_TYPE=0              # Chart style

Security & Capabilities

Required Linux capabilities:

cap_add:
  - NET_ADMIN    # Network configuration
  - SYS_MODULE   # Load kernel modules

System controls:

sysctls:
  - net.ipv4.ip_forward=1                  # Enable IP forwarding
  - net.ipv4.conf.all.src_valid_mark=1    # Packet routing

First Time Setup 🚀

1. Ensure Ports are Open

Firewall:

# Allow WireGuard port
sudo ufw allow 51820/udp

# Allow Web UI (temporary for setup)
sudo ufw allow 51821/tcp

Router:

  • Forward UDP port 51820 to your server
  • Check your router's port forwarding settings

2. Set Your Public Address

In .env:

# Use your domain
WG_HOST=vpn.yourdomain.com

# Or your public IP
WG_HOST=123.45.67.89

3. Start the Stack

docker compose up -d

4. Access Web UI

URL: https://vpn.pivoine.art
Password: (set via PASSWORD_HASH in .env)

5. Generate Password Hash

If you haven't set password yet:

# Generate bcrypt hash
echo -n 'your-password' | npx bcrypt-cli

# Or use Docker
docker run --rm -it node:alpine sh -c "npm install -g bcrypt-cli && echo -n 'your-password' | bcrypt"

# Copy hash to .env
PASSWORD_HASH=$2a$10$...your_hash...

Restart container:

docker compose restart

Creating VPN Clients 📱

Add a Client

  1. Login to Web UI: https://vpn.pivoine.art
  2. Click "New Client"
  3. Give it a name: "My iPhone", "Work Laptop", etc.
  4. Click "Create"

Mobile Setup (QR Code)

For iPhone/Android:

  1. Install WireGuard app:

  2. Open app → "Add tunnel" → "Scan QR code"

  3. Scan the QR code from web UI

  4. Give tunnel a name

  5. Toggle on!

Desktop Setup (Config File)

For Windows/Mac/Linux:

  1. Download WireGuard:

  2. In web UI, click "Download" next to client

  3. Import config file into WireGuard app

  4. Activate tunnel!

Manual Configuration

Download the .conf file and inspect it:

[Interface]
PrivateKey = your_private_key
Address = 10.42.0.2/32
DNS = 1.1.1.1

[Peer]
PublicKey = server_public_key
PresharedKey = shared_key
Endpoint = vpn.pivoine.art:51820
AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0, ::/0
PersistentKeepalive = 25

Using Your VPN 🌐

Full Tunnel (All Traffic)

Default behavior - all internet traffic goes through VPN:

  • ✅ Complete privacy
  • ✅ Bypass geo-blocks
  • ✅ Secure public WiFi
  • ⚠️ Slightly slower (routing through your server)

Split Tunnel (Selective Routing)

Only route specific traffic through VPN.

Edit client config to only route home network:

AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.0/24  # Only home network
# Instead of: 0.0.0.0/0

Benefits:

  • 🏠 Access home services
  • 🌐 Normal internet speed
  • 📊 Less VPN bandwidth

Traffic Statistics 📊

Web UI shows for each client:

  • 📥 Download: Data received
  • 📤 Upload: Data sent
  • 🕐 Last Seen: When last connected
  • 📈 Charts: Bandwidth over time

Common Use Cases

1. Secure Public WiFi ☕

Coffee Shop WiFi → WireGuard → Your Server → Internet

Encrypt traffic on untrusted networks.

2. Access Home Network 🏠

You (anywhere) → VPN → Home Network → NAS, Printer, etc.

Access devices as if you're home.

3. Bypass Geo-Restrictions 🌍

Your Location → VPN (Server Country) → Streaming Service

Appear to be in server's location.

4. Privacy from ISP 🕵️

Your Device → Encrypted Tunnel → Your Server → Internet

ISP only sees encrypted traffic to your server.

5. Multiple Locations 🗺️

Deploy VPN servers in different countries:

  • USA server for US content
  • EU server for European services
  • Home server for local access

Security Features 🔒

Encryption

  • Protocol: Noise Protocol Framework
  • Key Exchange: Curve25519
  • Cipher: ChaCha20-Poly1305
  • Hash: BLAKE2s

Translation: Military-grade encryption! 💪

Authentication

  • Public/Private Keys: Per-client keypairs
  • Preshared Keys: Extra security layer
  • Endpoint Verification: Prevents spoofing

Privacy

  • No Logs: WireGuard doesn't log by default
  • Perfect Forward Secrecy: Past sessions stay secure
  • IP Masquerading: Hides your real IP

DNS Configuration 🌐

Default DNS (Cloudflare)

WG_DEFAULT_DNS=1.1.1.1

Other Options

Google:

WG_DEFAULT_DNS=8.8.8.8

Quad9 (Security):

WG_DEFAULT_DNS=9.9.9.9

AdGuard (Ad-blocking):

WG_DEFAULT_DNS=94.140.14.14

Custom (Your Pi-hole):

WG_DEFAULT_DNS=192.168.1.2

Performance Optimization ⚡

Enable BBR (Better Congestion Control)

# On host
echo "net.core.default_qdisc=fq" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl -p

Increase MTU

# In client config
[Interface]
MTU = 1420  # Default, try 1500 if stable

Persistent Keepalive

# Keep connection alive through NAT
PersistentKeepalive = 25

Troubleshooting 🔧

Q: Can't connect to VPN?

# Check server is running
docker logs vpn_app

# Verify port is open
nc -zvu vpn.pivoine.art 51820

# Check firewall
sudo ufw status

Q: Connected but no internet?

# Verify IP forwarding
sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward
# Should return: 1

# Check NAT rules
sudo iptables -t nat -L

Q: Slow speeds?

  • Check server bandwidth
  • Try different MTU values
  • Enable BBR congestion control
  • Use split-tunnel for non-sensitive traffic

Q: Client won't auto-reconnect?

  • Add PersistentKeepalive = 25 to config
  • Check client has network connectivity

Q: DNS not working?

# Test DNS from client
nslookup google.com

# Change DNS in config
DNS = 8.8.8.8

Mobile Tips 📱

iOS

  • On-Demand: Auto-connect on untrusted WiFi
  • Shortcuts: Create Siri shortcuts
  • Widget: Quick toggle from home screen

Android

  • Always-On: VPN reconnects automatically
  • Kill Switch: Block internet if VPN drops
  • Split Tunneling: Exclude specific apps

Advanced Configuration

IPv6 Support

Already configured!

enable_ipv6: true
subnet: fdcc:ad94:bacf:61a3::/64

Custom Routing

Route only specific subnets:

AllowedIPs = 192.168.1.0/24, 10.0.0.0/24

Block specific IPs:

# On server
iptables -A FORWARD -d 192.168.1.100 -j DROP

Port Forwarding

Forward ports through VPN:

# Forward port 8080 to client
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 8080 -j DNAT --to 10.42.0.2:8080

Monitoring & Logs

Check Connection Status

# Via web UI
https://vpn.pivoine.art

# Or check container
docker exec vpn_app wg show

View Logs

docker logs vpn_app -f

Bandwidth Stats

Web UI shows real-time graphs for each client!

Backup & Restore 🔄

Backup Configuration

# Backup WireGuard configs
docker exec vpn_app tar -czf /tmp/wg-backup.tar.gz /etc/wireguard
docker cp vpn_app:/tmp/wg-backup.tar.gz ./backups/

Restore

# Copy backup to container
docker cp ./backups/wg-backup.tar.gz vpn_app:/tmp/

# Extract
docker exec vpn_app tar -xzf /tmp/wg-backup.tar.gz -C /

# Restart
docker compose restart

Security Best Practices 🛡️

  1. Strong Password: Use bcrypt hash for web UI
  2. Regular Updates: Keep WG-Easy updated
  3. Firewall: Only expose necessary ports
  4. Client Management: Remove inactive clients
  5. Monitoring: Watch for unusual traffic
  6. Backups: Regular config backups
  7. Access Control: Limit who can create clients

Why Self-Host a VPN?

  • 🔒 Full Control: Your server, your rules
  • 💰 Cost Effective: No monthly fees
  • 🚀 Performance: Direct to your server
  • 🕵️ Privacy: No third-party logging
  • 🌍 Flexibility: Use any server location
  • 📊 Transparency: You know what's happening
  • 🛠️ Customization: Configure exactly as needed

Resources

"Privacy is not about having something to hide. It's about protecting what you value." - VPN Philosophy 🔒✨

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